![]() Reduced renal perfusion, e.g., congestive heart failure, or recent onset of urinary tract obstruction will result in an increase in BUN/Creatinine ratio. The BUN/Creatinine ratio is useful in the differential diagnosis of acute or chronic renal disease. ![]() The BUN/Creatinine ratio is obtained to assess normal kidney function, help identify possible kidney diseases, to monitor the progression of kidney disease, or to monitor the effectiveness of medications in treating kidney disease. The BUN/Creatinine ratio provides specific clinical information about the kidney that can be used for multiple purposes. The two together are used to measure overall kidney function. BUN (blood urea nitrogen) and creatinine are both filtered in the kidneys and excreted in urine. It may also be used to determine gastrointestinal bleeding or trauma. The BUN/Creatinine ratio blood test is used to diagnose acute or chronic renal (kidney) disease or damage. Why are we measuring the BUN/Creatinine ratio? When results of a creatinine test reveal excess amounts, it could signify impaired kidney function or kidney disease. Because muscle mass remains fairly consistent, creatinine levels remain essentially unchanged throughout the day. The rate of creatinine formation depends on the individual’s muscle mass. Like urea, creatinine is transported through the bloodstream and to the kidneys, where it is also filtered and excreted through the urine. It is normal to have some urea present in the blood since your liver is always producing it, but too much may indicate an issue with your kidneys.Ĭreatinine is another type of molecule that is generated from muscle metabolism. Healthy kidneys then filter the urea and remove other waste products like urea through urination. The nitrogen comes from the waste product urea, which is converted from nitrogen and produced in the liver when protein is metabolized after eating. Note: If results for BUN and Creatinine are both within the normal reference range, the BUN/Creatinine ratio will not be reported (not applicable).Ī Blood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) test measures the amount of nitrogen in your blood, and is used to provide doctors with information on how well your kidneys and liver are functioning. However, the BUN to creatinine ratio may be used as an indirect estimate of renal function. Most clinicians agree that creatinine is a more specific indicator of glomerular function than BUN. The BUN and creatinine tests alone are excellent methods of testing liver and kidney health, but together, doctors get a much better understanding of your kidney health and can provide a more accurate diagnosis to kidney-related issues. Once a person performs both a BUN and Creatinine test, doctors can use the combined results to find the BUN-to-creatinine ratio. The Blood urea nitrogen (BUN): Creatinine Ratio is a renal (related to kidneys) function indicator, commonly used to diagnose acute or chronic renal (kidney) disease or damage.īlood Urea Nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine are both waste products of normal metabolism in the human body.īUN represents the amount of nitrogen produced from the metabolism of proteins.Ĭreatinine is a normal waste product of muscle.
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The earliest known sequential listing of the alphabet dates to 400 AD and is found on the Kylver Stone in Gotland, and only partially inscribed but widely authenticated: ![]() The remaining transliterations correspond to the IPA symbol of their approximate value. ![]() z was Proto-Germanic, and evolved into Proto-Norse /r₂/ and is also transliterated as ʀ. Ï is also transliterated as æ and may have been either a diphthong or a vowel close to or. Þ corresponds to (unvoiced) or (voiced) (like the English digraph - th-). In the following table, each rune is given with its common transliteration: The Elder Futhark (named after the initial phoneme of the first six rune names: F, U, Þ, A, R and K) has 24 runes, often arranged in three groups of eight runes each group is called an ætt (pl. Both the Anglo-Saxon futhorc and the Younger Futhark remained in use during the Early and the High Middle Ages respectively, but knowledge of how to read the Elder Futhark was forgotten until 1865, when it was deciphered by Norwegian scholar Sophus Bugge. In Scandinavia, beginning in the late 8th century, the script was simplified to the Younger Futhark, while the Anglo-Saxons and Frisians instead extended it, giving rise to the Anglo-Saxon futhorc. Inscriptions are found on artifacts including jewelry, amulets, plateware, tools, and weapons, as well as runestones in Scandinavia, from the 2nd to the 10th centuries. It was a writing system used by Germanic peoples for Northwest Germanic dialects in the Migration Period. The Elder Futhark (or Fuþark), also known as the Older Futhark, Old Futhark, or Germanic Futhark, is the oldest form of the runic alphabets. ![]() Distribution of pre–sixth-century Elder Futhark finds Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of runes. ![]() Analysis of call volumes to poison control centers has shown a significant increase, primarily associated with requests for pill identification. The service is available to healthcare personnel and the general public. poison control centers provide expert advice, over the telephone, with respect to possible exposure to poisonous substances, such as some prescription medications. Part of the center’s medical screening examination included medication identification by a pharmacist.Īnother aspect of patient treatment in which visual identification of pills can potentially improve care has to do with the availability of experts as part of the poison control centers system. The need to fill in missing information and identify medications is also illustrated in the operational flow of a successful evacuation center operated during the hurricane Katrina event. This is of particular concern for people with chronic conditions that may experience adverse effects with a disruption in their medication regimen. A recent literature survey identified medication loss and difficulties in filling prescriptions as common phenomena in evacuation scenarios, with evacuees only able to provide partial information about their medications. This technology is potentially usable by both healthcare personnel and the general public.įor patient care, identification of pills based on their visual appearance has the potential to facilitate improved treatment in a variety of settings, including disasters, poison control centers and patient persistence.įollowing natural or man-made disasters, it is not uncommon for pills and documentation to be separated. Visual identification is an additional technology addressing this issue, which can also be deployed outside the pharmacy for use prior to medication administration. bar code systems) to further reduce them. While dispensing error rates are low, pharmacies continue to incorporate technologies (e.g. Identification and confirmation of prescribed pills can mitigate dispensing errors. Such errors can result in adverse drug events (i.e. copyright prescription, transcription (interpretation of medication order), dispensing, and administration. Ĭorrect identification of prescription oral solid dosage forms of medication, pills, based on their visual appearance is a key step required to assure patient safety and facilitate more effective patient care.įrom a safety perspective, a variety of errors can occur across the pharmacological chain. The training dataset will continue to be freely available online at. This is an initial promising step towards development of an NLM software system and application-programming interface facilitating pill identification. In the retrieval results, the correct image was amongst the top five ranked images 43%, 12%, and 11% of the time, out of 5000 query/consumer images. Determination of the winning teams was done using the mean average precision quality metric, with the three winners obtaining mean average precision scores of 0.27, 0.09, and 0.08. Challenge submissions were required to produce a ranking of the reference images, given a consumer quality image as input. A second dataset acquired from 1000 pills with similar distributions of shape and color was reserved as a segregated testing set. A training dataset consisting of 2000 reference images and 5000 corresponding consumer quality images acquired from 1000 pills was provided to challenge participants. The data for the competition consisted of two types of images, high quality macro photographs, reference images, and consumer quality photographs of the quality we expect users of a proposed application to acquire. Potential benefits of this capability include confirmation of the pill in settings where the documentation and medication have been separated, such as in a disaster or emergency and confirmation of a pill when the prescribed medication changes from brand to generic, or for any other reason the shape and color of the pill change. This challenge was motivated by the need to easily identify unknown prescription pills both by healthcare personnel and the general public. National Library of Medicine announced a challenge competition calling for the development and discovery of high-quality algorithms and software that rank how well consumer images of prescription pills match reference images of pills in its authoritative RxIMAGE collection. ![]() Luckily, you can disable the feature for specific apps by placing them inside the Tweak's blacklist within its menu inside the Settings app.īeyond that, the tweak also lets you set numerous options to better suit your needs. Of course, you may want to prevent sensitive alerts from being broadcast for all to hear. Speak Notification is enabled by default after installation, and will proceed to read incoming notifications out loud. ![]() Speak Notification by merdok lets you listen to any incoming alerts hands-free by dictating them as they come in. If you often forget to check alerts, there's an awesome tweak that will help ensure you you never miss important notifications again. MoreNotificationLabelBattery is free to install, and can be had by adding into either Cydia or Sileo.Ĥ. The tweak basically replaces the "More" label found in grouped notifications with your iPhone's battery percentage, doing away with the extra step of going inside either the Control Center or Today View to see your device's exact battery life. With CydiaGeek's MoreNotificationLabelBattery, you can add the battery percentage to Notification Center. On your notched iPhone, the battery percentage can be viewed either by revealing the Control Center or by adding the Batteries widget inside the Today View page. Instructions: How to Add Repos to Cydia | How to Add Repos to Sileo.The process is pretty straightforward, but feel free to head to one of the links below if you're unfamiliar with it. Note that many of these tweaks aren't available within Cydia or Sileo natively, which means you'll need to manually add a repo to get your hands on them. Don't Miss: Jailbreak iOS 12 to iOS 12.4 on Your iPhone.So here are ten tweaks that are definitely worth checking out. These can range from very simple mods that de-clutter alerts, to full-on UI customization for a unique look. Granted, viewing and interacting with notifications wasn't meant to be exciting, but if you have a jailbroken iPhone, there's a whole slew of features that you can add to the Notification Center to significantly enhance your experience. As useful as it is for viewing important alerts, reminders, and more, the feature is pretty drab when compared to the customizable Control Center, Accessibility Shortcuts, and others. It's easy to take your iPhone's Notification Center for granted. |
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